Popes

One of the pope's titles, Pontifex Maximus, means "supreme bridge builder". This title was formerly held by the pagan high priests of Rome and the Roman emperors, until the Christian emperor Gratian renounced it. (source)

It was not until the third century that it was asserted that Saint Peter was the first bishop of Rome. (source)

The son of Pope Hormisdas (who was pope from 514 to 523), Silverius, was himself elected pope in 536. He was killed only seventeen months later. Both popes were eventually canonized. [ Saints | Popes ] (source)

The Gregorian chant was named after Pope St. Gregory I. [ Music | Saints | Popes ]

Many of our Christmas, Easter, and Halloween/All Saints' Day traditions are due to Pope St. Gregory I at the start of the 7^th century A.D., as well as earlier missionaries. Recognising that Christian missionaries were having trouble gaining converts by attacking the traditions of the Pagans they were trying to convert, Gregory suggested adopting the local beliefs and customs into the Christian liturgy instead. New church holidays were even made up to compete with Pagan traditions. For example, All Saints' Day was invented by fourth-century missionaries to rival the Celtic holiday Samhain, with its mythology designed to portray the rival Druid gods as devils, spirits, and witches. [ Popes | Saints ]

Pope Stephen II was pope for only three days, from March 22^nd or 23^rd to March 25^th or 26^th, 752, dying of apoplexy before he could be consecrated. (source)

Pope Adrian I was the oldest pope at the time of his election, being 80 years old when he became pope in 772. (source)

Pope Adrian II (also known as Hadrian II), pope from 867 to 872, was the last married pope. He had married before he was elected pope, and refused to put away his wife Stephania when he became pope. For a while he, his wife, and a daughter lived in the Lateran Palace together. Interestingly enough, several subsequent popes, though unmarried, fathered children. [ Lasts | Popes ] (source)

At the instigation of Holy Roman co-emperor Lambert, a "cadaveric synod" convened in 897, eight months after the death of Pope Formosus, to declare his five-year pontificate illegal and his acts null and void—chiefly the one establishing Lambert's rival Arnaulf as co-emperor. Formosus was exhumed and propped in a witness chair while the new pope, Stephen VI, served as prosecutor and a deacon represented the dead defendant. Found guilty, the corpse was stripped of papal array and tossed into the Tiber River. However, the Roman citizens, finding the trial somewhat unusual, had Stephen deposed and imprisoned. Pope John IX then nullified Formosus' conviction and had his body fished out of the Tiber and returned to St. Peter's. (source)

Perhaps the worst pope in history was Octavian, Count of Tusculum, who was consecrated Pope John XII on December 16^th, 955. On November 6^th, 963, Holy Roman Emperor Otto I summoned a council, levelling charges that John had ordained a deacon in a stable, consecrated a 10-year-old boy as bishop of Todi, converted the Lateran Palace into a brothel, raped female pilgrims in St. Peter's, stolen church offerings, drank toasts to the devil, and invoked the aid of Jove, Venus, and other pagan gods when playing dice. He was deposed, but returned as pope when Otto left Rome, maiming and mutilating all who had opposed him. On May 11^th, 964, he was apparently beaten by the husband of a woman with which he was having an affair, dying three days later without receiving confession or the sacraments. [ The Middle Ages | Popes ] (source)

Gerbert of Aurillac, who became Pope Sylvester II, was the greatest Latin scholar of his age. In his youth he went to Muslim Spain to study philosophy and mathematics. The education he received from his Arabic teachers made him so intellectually superior to his Christian contemporaries that for many centuries Gerbert was regarded as the possessor of mysterious powers of sorcery and black magic. [ Popes | The Middle Ages | Philosophy ]

The youngest pope ever was likely Pope John XII, who was consecrated in 955 at the age of 18 or 19. By some accounts, Pope Benedict IX was only around 12 years old when he was made pope in 1032; however, while Benedict was young at his consecration, it was more likely that he was in his twenties. (source)

The first female saint formally canonised by the Vatican (as opposed to the older, "pre-congregation" saints that were not formally canonised) was Saint Wilborada, canonised in 1047 by Pope Clement II. Saint Wilborada was an anchoress who warned the monks of St. Gall of an impending Hungarian invasion. However, being an anchoress, she was walled into a small cell and unable to escape, and so was martyred by the Hungarians. [ Saints | Popes ] (source)

There were two Thursdays one week in 1147. Pope Eugenius III travelled to Paris, and was scheduled to arrive on a Friday. In order that the Parisians could hold a celebration on Friday, a day of fast, Eugenius decreed that that day would be a Thursday. [ Popes | Calendars ] (source)

A pope gave Ireland to the King of England. Pope Alexander III, wanting to eradicate Celtic Christianity in Ireland, declared Henry II of England to be the rightful Irish sovereign. This papal declaration, issued in 1172, led to the English conquest of Ireland, which took several centuries to complete, by which time England no longer followed the Pope. It took until the 20^th century for the Irish to regain their freedom. (source)

Due to a clerical error, there was no Pope John XX. Pope John XIX was pope from 1024 to 1032, and the next John to be pope was Pope John XXI from 1276 to 1277. (source)

On June 29, 1456, when what is now known as Halley's comet could be seen at night and was seen as an omen of impending disaster, Pope Calixtus III issued a papal bull against the comment. The decree asked Christians to pray that the comet, the symbol of "the anger of God", would be fended off or be diverted solely against the Turks. (source)

At a council in Constance between 1414 and 1417, the man who called himself Pope John XXIII and is now known as Antipope John XXIII (1410–1415; not to be confused with Pope John XXIII, pope from 1958–1963) was accused of piracy, murder, rape, and incest. He received three years in prison. (source)

By the time Rodrigo Borgia became Pope Alexander VI in 1492, he already had several children by a mistress, Vannozza Catanei. After his consecration as pope, he began an affair with a 19-year-old married woman, Giulia Farnese. As pope, he put the pursuit of wealth and worldly power ahead of the spiritual welfare of the church, which played a part in the rise of the Protestant Reformation. (source)

Even though the Catholic church believed that the occult bordered on heresy, Pope Julius II set the time of his coronation in 1503 based on astrological calculations. (source)

Legend has it that Clement VII, pope from 1523 to 1534, was so fond of mushrooms that he made it illegal for anyone else to eat those growing in the Papal States, so that there would never be a shortage for his own table. He died in 1534 from eating a poisonous death cap mushroom. [ Popes | Food and Drink ] (source)

Pope John XXIII had served as a sergeant in the Italian army during World War I. (source)

Pope Pius XI (1922–1939) was a mountaineer in his youth, making ascents of several mountains in the Alps including Monte Rosa and Mont Blanc. (source)

The American Institute of Management, which ranks major industries in terms of management performance, evaluated the Roman Catholic Church in 1956, awarding Pope Pius XII and his bishops 8,800 points out of a possible 10,000. Four years later, under Pope John XIII, the AIM's "management excellence rating" climbed to 9,010 points, ranking the Church among the best-managed institutions in the world. (source)

When Pope Paul VI made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land in 1964, he was the first reigning pope in over 150 years to travel outside of Italy. On the other hand, Pope John Paul II (1978–2005) visited 129 countries during his reign. (source)

There were 124 popes (in addition to some 23 "anti-popes") in the second millennium (1001-2000). Only five of them have been canonized as saints. [ Saints | Popes ] (source)

Pope John Paul II canonized more saints than all of his predecessors combined.

While the idea of papal infalliability may sound like an ancient or mediaeval concept, it is not. This doctrine was first codified only at the First Vatican Council in 1870. (source)

The doctrine of papal infalliability does not imply that whatever the pope says is always right. For the pope to make an infalliable statement, he has to be speaking ex cathedra, in his official capacity as pastor for all Christians, and must make it clear that he is promulgating a binding doctrine of faith. The last time that a pope made an infalliable statement was in 1950 when Pope Pius XII issued a dogmatic statement ex cathedra regarding the Assumption of Mary. (source)